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Greeks
   • The Origins of The GREEKS - A Deep Dive In...  
Macedonians
   • Were The Macedonians GREEK? - A Deep Dive ...  
Romans
   • The Origins of The ANCIENT ROMANS - Who We...  
Celts
   • The Origins of The CELTS - A Deep Dive Int...  
Etruscan
   • The Origins of the ETRUSCANS: Ancient Ethn...  

The origins of the Sumerian civilization.

The Sumerian civilization, emerging around 4500 BC in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq), is widely regarded as the world’s first true civilization, developing in the fertile lands between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Initially composed of small agricultural villages, Sumer evolved into a network of independent city-states such as Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Eridu, and Nippur by about 3000 BC, each with its own ruler, patron deity, and monumental temple complex known as a ziggurat. The Sumerians pioneered numerous innovations, including the world’s earliest known system of writing, cuneiform, originally devised for recordkeeping but later adapted for literature, law, and administration. They advanced irrigation techniques, enabling large-scale farming of barley, wheat, dates, and other crops, and developed a sophisticated understanding of mathematics, astronomy, and time measurement, creating the base-60 numerical system still used for hours and minutes today. Politically, the city-states often competed for dominance, leading to frequent warfare; military leaders, known as lugals (“big men”), sometimes became kings. Sumerian religion was polytheistic, with deities embodying natural and cosmic forces, and rituals played a central role in daily life. By around 2334 BC, Sumer fell under the control of Sargon of Akkad, marking the rise of the Akkadian Empire, though Sumerian culture and language remained influential for centuries, with its legacy shaping later Mesopotamian civilizations until its language ceased to be spoken around 2000 BC but continued as a scholarly and liturgical tongue for over a millennium thereafter.

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